Orin lexicography |

lati Greek lexixos – jẹmọ si ọrọ ati grapo – Mo kọ

Yii ati asa ti compiling orin. awọn iwe-itumọ; ẹka ti imọ-orin ti o ni ibatan si idagbasoke ati idalare imọ-jinlẹ fun awọn oriṣi awọn iwe-itumọ orin ati ikole wọn. L. m. tun npe ni gbigba ti awọn iwe itọkasi (encyclopedias, dictionaries, ati be be lo) P.). Ilana akọkọ L. m. - iṣeto ti ohun elo (ni irisi awọn nkan tabi awọn ofin) ni ilana alfabeti ti o muna. Gẹgẹbi iru ikole, yiyan ati igbejade ohun elo, awọn iwe-itumọ ti pin si awọn atẹjade itọkasi imọ-jinlẹ agbaye ti o bo gbogbo awọn agbegbe ti orin. asa (muz. encyclopedias nsoju kan ara ti imo, ati orin. encyclopedic. awọn iwe-itumọ, gẹgẹbi ofin, jẹ ṣoki diẹ sii ni iwọn didun), ati ile-iṣẹ kan pato - igbẹhin. eyikeyi ninu awọn apakan rẹ (ti itan-aye, awọn iwe-itumọ ọrọ-ọrọ, awọn opera, orin. ohun èlò, fayolini akọrin, ati be be lo. P.). Ko ṣee ṣe nigbagbogbo lati ṣe iyatọ laarin orin. encyclopedias ati orin-ìmọ ọfẹ. iwe-itumọ. Diẹ ninu awọn atẹjade ti a pe ni awọn iwe-itumọ, fun apẹẹrẹ. "Grove's Dictionary of music and awọn akọrin", ni pato, ni o wa muses. encyclopedia; O ku ojo ibi. awọn ẹgbẹ, fun apẹẹrẹ, “Encyclopédie de la Musique…” A. Lavignac ati L. La Laurencie ni awọn ti o muna ori ti yi oro ni ko iru, nsoju kan gbigba ti awọn ni opolopo ransogun ati larọwọto idayatọ aroko ti lori awọn itan ati yii ti orin, muses. irinṣẹ, pedagogy, aesthetics. Eyi tabi aṣayan yẹn ninu orin-lexicographic. iṣẹ ọna. awọn iṣẹlẹ ti o ti kọja ati lọwọlọwọ, Dec. iru alaye, agbegbe ti itan. mon, wọn darapupo. awọn igbelewọn nigbagbogbo da lori awọn aṣeyọri ti imọ-orin ti itan-akọọlẹ yii. akoko ati pe o ni nkan ṣe pẹlu arojinle gbogbogbo ati imọ-jinlẹ. ipele. L. m. bẹrẹ ni ipele idagbasoke orin itan kan. kikọ - akiyesi ati ki o jẹmọ orin. ọrọ-ọrọ. Ipilẹṣẹ rẹ jẹ nitori orin. iwa - iwulo awọn akọrin lati ni oye itumọ ọkan tabi omiiran ti atijo tabi yawo lati ọdọ awọn miiran. ede orin. oro – ni ibẹrẹ ni irisi alaye ti awọn ọrọ ti ko ni oye (didan) ninu awọn ala ti iwe afọwọkọ, ati lẹhinna akojọpọ awọn ọrọ ti ko ni oye (ie. Ogbeni Awọn iwe-itumọ jẹ awọn aṣaaju ti ode oni. awọn iwe-itumọ). Ni ipele ibẹrẹ, L. m. ndagba laarin awọn ilana ti gbogboogbo lexicographic. iṣẹ. Awọn ipilẹṣẹ L. m. ọjọ pada si igba atijọ. Bíbélì ti ní àwọn àpèjúwe oríṣiríṣi irinṣẹ́ yinyin àti bí wọ́n ṣe lè lò ó. Akori orin. awọn ofin ti a lo ninu Dr. Gíríìsì. Lẹ́yìn náà, ọ̀pọ̀ nínú wọn ni àwọn onímọ̀ ìjìnlẹ̀ ti Aringbungbun Ayé gbà wọ́n, tí wọ́n sì tẹ̀ síwájú nínú àwọn ẹ̀ṣọ́. iwa. Pẹlu idagbasoke ni ibẹrẹ Aringbungbun ogoro, Prof. awọn onkọwe orin egbeokunkun ti gbogbogbo lexicographical. Awọn iṣẹ bẹrẹ lati fun wọn ni itumọ ti nọmba awọn ọrọ ti a lo ninu orin. asa ni lat. ede. Pataki ti a mọ fun idagbasoke ti L. m. nigba ti pẹ Aringbungbun ogoro ní Dec. iru ile-iwe guide. Ninu ọkan ninu awọn iwe-itumọ akọkọ (“Dictionarius…”) J. Garlandia (ti a kọ lẹhin 1218) ni apakan "Orin ati awọn akọrin" jẹ awọn akọle. yinyin irinṣẹ, pẹlu h arabinrin ati arakunrin. Tumo si igbese ni idagbasoke ti L. m. jẹ iṣẹ ti olupilẹṣẹ Franco-Flemish, onimọran ati olukọ J. Tinktoris, Itumọ Awọn ofin Orin (Terminorum Musicae Diffinitorium, ed. feleto 1474), eyiti o jẹ ọrọ-ọrọ orin akọkọ. iwe-itumọ ati pe o jẹ ọkan nikan ti iru rẹ titi di ọdun 18th. Ni ibere. 17th orundun, pẹlu awọn heyday ti awọn Italian. orin irinse, ni Germany, titun Italian. yinyin terminы (adagio, concerto, forte, tremolo и т. P.). Pupọ kirẹditi fun itumọ wọn jẹ ti M. Pretorius, ti o mu Italian. awọn ofin ninu iṣẹ rẹ ("Syntagma Musicum", Bd 3, 1619) ni tito-alfabeti interspersed pẹlu Latin. bẹrẹ L. m. bawo ni wọn ṣe jẹ ominira. awọn ile-iṣẹ orin. kikọ fi muses. Awọn iwe-itumọ Czech T. B. Yanovka (1701), Faranse S. de Brossard (1703), paapaa niyelori fun kikọ itan-akọọlẹ ti ifarahan Faranse. Itumọ ọrọ yinyin ti German I. G. Walter (1732) - akọrin encyclopedic akọrin. àtúnse. Lati nigbamii itọsọna ti awọn 18th orundun. duro jade "Itumọ Orin" ("Dictionnaire de la Musique", 1767) J. G. Rousseau, ni akọkọ loyun bi lẹsẹsẹ awọn nkan fun Faranse. "Encyclopedia" ati pe o jẹ iye nla kii ṣe ni asopọ pẹlu awọn itumọ ti awọn muses ti o wa ninu rẹ. awọn ofin ati awọn imọran, ṣugbọn pẹlu pẹlu igbiyanju lati darapupo. adape ati awọn abuda. Ni 19 in. L. m. ti wa ni idagbasoke siwaju ati siwaju sii. Fun ipele yii ti itankalẹ, L. m. ti iwa, lori awọn ọkan ọwọ, ni awọn atejade ti olona-iwọn didun muses. encyclopedias (G. Schilling, E. Bernsdorf, G. Mendel, A. Reisman, ati bẹbẹ lọ), ati ni apa keji, ifarahan ti ọpọlọpọ awọn muses ẹka. awọn iwe-itumọ: awọn iwe-itumọ ti opera, operettas, orin. ohun èlò, fayolini akọrin, music. awọn koko-ọrọ, awọn iwe-itumọ orilẹ-ede ti awọn olupilẹṣẹ, awọn akọrin orin, awọn oṣere, awọn iwe-itumọ, igbẹhin. pataki igbalode. orin, ati be be lo. Lara igbalode hem. encyclopedic. iwe-itumọ ati awọn atẹjade itọkasi duro jade: “Orin Lexicon” (“Musiklexikon”) X. Riemann (1882), ọ̀kan lára ​​àwọn ìtẹ̀jáde tó gbajúmọ̀ jù lọ irúfẹ́ bẹ́ẹ̀, tí a tún tẹ̀ jáde léraléra tí a sì túmọ̀ sí àwọn èdè mìíràn. awọn ede (awọn onimọ-jinlẹ olokiki A. Einstein, W. Gurlitt ati awọn miiran; titun àtúnse (vol. 1-3, pẹlu meji afikun. awọn ipele, 1959-75) jẹ orin kan. encyclopedia); “Itumọ Orin ati Awọn akọrin” nipasẹ J. Grove (ie 1-4, 1878-89, kẹhin àtúnse – vol. Ọdun 1-9, Ọdun 1954); "Orin ni ti o ti kọja ati lọwọlọwọ" ("Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart"), ed. F. Bloom (vol. 1-15, 1949-1975, ti nlọ lọwọ); Yugoslavia. "Encyclopedia Orin" ("Muzicka Enciklopedija"), ed. Й. Andreysa (i. 1-2, 1958-64, vol. Ọdun 1-2, ọdun 1970-74); “Encyclopedia Orin” (“Enciclopedia della musica”), ti a tẹjade nipasẹ Ricordi (vol. 1-4, 1963-64, vol. Ọdun 1-6, ọdun 1972-74). Ọkọọkan ninu awọn atẹjade wọnyi yatọ ni awọn abuda tirẹ (awọn akopọ ti iwe-itumọ, iru ati iwọn awọn nkan). Lati awọn iwe-itumọ yinyin ti igbesi aye duro jade: “Itumọ-itumọ” T. Baker (1900), nigbamii ti a tẹjade ni fọọmu ti o gbooro, ed. N. Slonimsky; “Itumọ-itumọ ti Awọn akọrin Czech”, “Itumọ ti Awọn olupilẹṣẹ ati Awọn onimọ-jinlẹ ti Romania” nipasẹ V.

Òkèèrè, àwọn ìwé ìtọ́kasí ti di pàtàkì sí i, tí a tẹ̀ jáde lábẹ́ orúkọ náà. “Ta ni?”, “Ta ni tani?”, “Ta ni tani ni Amẹrika?”, “Qui ktes vous?” (pataki igbẹhin si orin “Ta ni tani ninu Orin”, 1949-50; “Tani ẹniti o wa ninu orin ati awọn akọrin, Awọn itọsọna International”, 1962, ati bẹbẹ lọ), ati awọn atẹjade ti orilẹ-ede. awọn iwe-itumọ igbesi aye ti o ni awọn iwe-itumọ ti a pese. awọn akojọ awọn akọsilẹ nipa igbalode. awọn eeyan olokiki (pẹlu awọn olupilẹṣẹ, awọn oṣere, awọn onimọ-orin).

Ni igba akọkọ ti Russian music-lexicographic. iṣẹ naa jẹ "Afikun iṣẹ bi alaye ti awọn ọrọ orin imọ ẹrọ" (1773); Atẹjade yii n pese itumọ ati itumọ ti awọn Muses. agbekale ati awọn ofin. Muses. awọn ofin ati awọn itumọ wọn wa ninu “Itumọ Orin, eyiti o ni awọn ọrọ ati awọn ọrọ ti a lo ninu orin” ati pẹlu isunmọ. Awọn ọrọ 160 ni tito lẹsẹsẹ (1795), ninu iwe naa. "Imọ-ọrọ Orin tabi Ọrọ lori Aworan yii" GG Ges de Calvet (1818). EA Bolkhovitinov ninu “Dictionary of Russian Secular Writers…” (1805, akosile. “Ọrẹ ti Ẹkọ”, lọtọ ed. – 1838, 1845) gbe biographies ti awọn nọmba kan ti Russian. awọn olupilẹṣẹ (IE Khandoshkin, DS Bortnyansky, DN Kashin ati awọn miiran). Awọn itan-aye ti nọmba awọn olupilẹṣẹ ajeji jẹ itọkasi nipasẹ DF Kushenov-Dmitrevsky ninu iwe naa. "Ile ọnọ Lyric ..." (1831). VM Undolsky ni “Awọn akiyesi fun itan-akọọlẹ orin ijo ni Russia” funni ni ahbidi ti awọn ọrọ orin atijọ. IP Sakharov ni "Awọn ẹkọ lori Ikilọ Ijo ti Russia" ("Akosile ti Ile-iṣẹ ti Ẹkọ ti Orilẹ-ede", 1849, Oṣu Keje) tọka si "Akojọpọ kikun ti awọn orukọ kio, ti a gba lati awọn iwe afọwọkọ oriṣiriṣi, ni ilana alfabeti” (awọn akọle 565). Ohun pataki ipa ninu idagbasoke ti Russian. Olorin-orin, olupilẹṣẹ, ati cellist MD Rezvoy, ẹniti o kọ orin ni awọn nkan 1835 fun Plushard's Encyclopedic Lexicon, eyiti o jẹ olootu titi di iwọn didun 6th ti o kun. Rezvoy tun jẹ olupilẹṣẹ ti iwe-itumọ ti Russian akọkọ. music dictionary. O pari iṣẹ yii ni ọdun 1842 ni aṣoju Ẹka ti Russian. ede ati litireso ti Academy of Sciences. Botilẹjẹpe a ko tẹjade iwe-itumọ-ọrọ, awọn ọrọ-ọrọ orin rẹ. apakan wa ninu "Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Language", ti a tẹjade nipasẹ Ile-ẹkọ giga ti sáyẹnsì (1847, vols. 1-4, 1867-68). Pẹlu awọn iṣẹ wọnyi, Rezvoy gbe awọn ipilẹ ti Russian. ijinle sayensi L. m. VF Odoevsky, ti o kopa ninu akopọ ti Plushard's dictionary, pese atunse ati ti ikede ti A. Garras' Musical Terminology. Iyatọ. Iru awọn iwe-itumọ orin tun ṣe atẹjade nipasẹ PD Perepelitsyn, AI Rubts, HM Lisovsky, NF Findeizen, AA Ilyinsky, AL Maslov, AV Preobrazhensky, VP Kalafati ati awọn miiran. Itumo. iṣẹlẹ pataki ni idagbasoke ti Russian. L. m. je translation ti muses. Iwe-itumọ ti Riemann, ed. Yu. D. Engel pẹlu awọn afikun lọpọlọpọ nipa awọn eniyan Russian, awọn ofin, awọn ile-iṣẹ, awọn awujọ, ati bẹbẹ lọ.

Ibẹrẹ ti awọn owiwi I. Glebov (BV Asafiev) fi L. m. ninu “Itọsọna si Awọn ere orin…” (ọrọ 1 – “Itumọ-itumọ ti awọn yiyan orin pataki ati imọ-ẹrọ”, 1919). Ni ọdun kan sẹhin, L.m. idagbasoke. Lara awọn iwe-itumọ owiwi ati awọn atẹjade itọkasi duro jade: muz.-terminological. awọn iwe-itumọ ti NA Garbuzov ati AN Dolzhansky, ti o ni awọn itumọ titun ti imọ-jinlẹ. Awọn ofin "Itumọ orin ti Encyclopedic" nipasẹ BS Steinpress ati IM Yampolsky (1959, 1966), "Dictionary of operas akọkọ ti a gbejade ati ti a gbejade ni Russia-iṣaaju-igbimọ ati USSR" nipasẹ GB Bernandt (1962), bio-bibliographic. iwe-itumọ "Ta kọ nipa orin" nipasẹ Bernandt ati Yampolsky (vols. 1-2, 1971-74, titẹjade ti nlọ lọwọ), awọn iwe-itumọ ti awọn olupilẹṣẹ ati awọn muses. awọn ofin ti a tẹjade ni nat. awọn olominira. Niwon 1973, akọkọ Sov. "Orin Encyclopedia".

Awọn atẹjade ajeji

Termino-mogbonwa iwe itumo: Tinctoris J., Terminorum musicae definitorium, Naples, (1474), kẹhin àtúnse. Lexique de la musique (orundun 1951). Ọrọ Latin, trans, Faranse, P., 1701; Janova Th. В., Bọtini si ile iṣura ti aworan nla ti orin…, Prague, 1715, 1703; Brossard S. de, Dictionnaire de musique, P., 1731; Rousseau JJ, Dictionnaire de la musique…, Gen., 1768, Nouv. yd., P., 1, t. Ọdun 2-1769, Ọdun 1925; Vannes R., Esee lori awọn ọrọ orin. Iwe-itumọ gbogbo agbaye. (En huit ede), P., 1; Lichtenthal P., Dizionario e bibliography della musica, v. 4-1826, Mil., 1926; Vrenet M., Dictionnaire pratique et historique de la musique, P., 1930, 1929; Sard A., Lexico technologico musical en varios idiomas, Madrid, (1928); Cernusбk G., Pazdнrkuv hudebnn slovnnk nauucnэ, Brno, 1944; Apel W., The Harvard dictionary of music, Camb. (Mass.), 1969, 1956; Elsevier's dictionary of cinema, ohun ati orin ni awọn ede mẹfa: English, American, French, Spanish. Italian, Dutch ati German, Amst. – L. – NY, 1961; Sandy R. de, Dictionnaire de musique, Bourges, 1961; Carter HH, Iwe-itumọ ti awọn ọrọ orin Gẹẹsi Aarin, Bloomington, (1965); Katayen L., Telberg Val., Russian-Gẹẹsi itumọ ti awọn ọrọ orin, NY, (1967); Grant P., Iwe amudani ti awọn ọrọ orin, Metuchen (NJ), 1969; (Chetrikov S.), Iwe-itumọ ọrọ-ọrọ orin, Sofia, 1970; Steckl E., Russisch-Deutsches Fachwitterbuch der Musik, Zwickau, 1; Schaal R., Fremdwcrterlexikon. Musik. Englisch-Franzçsisch-Italienisch, Bd 2-1970, Wilhelmshaven, XNUMX.

Биографические музыкальные словари: Gerber EL, Historical-biographical Lexicon of Tonkьnstler, Tl 1-2, Lpz., 1790-92; его же, Lexicon itan-aye tuntun ti awọn oṣere ohun, Tl 1-4, Lpz., 1812-14; Fйtis FJ, Biographie universale des musiciens ati bibliographie gйnйrale de la musique, v. 1-8, Brux., 1837-44, P., 1874-78 (Suppl., sous la dir. A. Pougin, v. 1-2 , P., 1878-80); Eitner R., iwe-ìmọ ọfẹ orisun biographical-bibliographical ti awọn akọrin ati awọn ọjọgbọn orin ti akoko Kristiẹni titi di arin ọrundun 19th, vols. 1-10, Lpz., 1900-04, vols. 1-11, Graz, 1959-60; Baker Th., Iwe-itumọ igbesi aye ti awọn akọrin, NY, 1900, 1940 (Ipese nipasẹ N. Slonimsky, 1949), 1958 (ed. N. Slonimsky, Suppl., 1965), 1965 (Suppl., 1971).

Encyclopedic Dictionary of Music: Walther J. G., encyclopedia tabi ile-ikawe orin, Lpz., 1732, fasimiles. Àtúnse, Kassel – Basel, 1953; Schilling G., Encyclopedia ti gbogbo awọn sáyẹnsì orin, tabi ìmọ ọfẹ gbogbo agbaye ti orin, vol. 1-6, Stuttg., 1835-38, vol. 7 - Ipese, 1840-42; Julius Schuberth's Musikalisches Awọn ibaraẹnisọrọ-Lexikon, Lpz., 1859, ṣatunkọ. nipasẹ R Mъsiol, 1892 (ed. nipasẹ M. Wroclaw); Awọn ibaraẹnisọrọ Orin Lexicon. Iwe-ìmọ ọfẹ ti gbogbo awọn imọ-ẹrọ orin… Idi ati ed. nipasẹ H Mendel, Bd 1-11, (V.) - Lpz., 1870-79, (Bd 12) - Ergänzungsband, V., 1883 (lati iwọn 8th ti a ṣe akojọpọ nipasẹ A. Raysman); Riemann H., Musiklexikon, В., 1882, vols. 1-2, ṣatunkọ. nipasẹ A Einstein, В., 1929, satunkọ. nipasẹ W Gurlitt, vols. 1-5, Mainz, 1959-75 (vol. 3 - apakan otitọ, vol. 4-5 - awọn ipele afikun); Grove's Dictionary ti orin ati awọn akọrin, v. 1-4, Ipese. ati Atọka, L., 1878-89, v. 1-5, 1900, v. 1-5, 1927, v. 1-5, 1940, Ipese, 1940, N. Y., 1949, v. 1-9, L. – KO. Y., Ọdun 1954 (ẹd. nipasẹ E Blom), Suppl., L., 1961; Della Corte A., Satti G. M., Dizionario di musica, Torino, (1925), 1959; Abert H., Illustriertes Musik-Lexikon, Stuttg., 1927; Moser H., Musiklexikon, W., 1932, Bd 1-2, Hamb., 1955, Anhang l-2, 1958-63; I. Kamburov, Dictionary of Alaworan Orin, Sofia, 1933; Iwe-ìmọ ọfẹ agbaye ti orin ati awọn akọrin, ed. nipasẹ O. Thompson, N. Y., 1939, 1946 (afi. ed. nipasẹ N. Slonimsky), 1964 (àtúnyẹwò. ed. nipasẹ O. Sabin); Blom E., Everymans dictionary of music, Phil., 1946, Rev. ed., L. – KO. Y., 1954; Sohlman ká Orin Lexicon. Nordic ati encyclopedia gbogbogbo fun orin, orin, igbesi aye ati ijó, Awọn iwọn 1-4, Stockh., 1948-52; Die Musik ni Geschichte und Gegenwart. Iwe-ìmọ ọfẹ gbogbogbo ti orin, ed. nipasẹ F Blume, vol. 1-15, Kassel – Basel, 1949-(73) (изд. prooдолж.); Bonaccorsi A., New Cursi Music Dictionary, Mil., 1954; Оkgaku Дзитэn (Múz. iwe-itumọ), ie 1-11, Tokyo, 1954-57 (ni Japanese. lang.); Sandved K. В., Aye orin, iṣura fun olutẹtisi ati oluwo, L., 1954 (изд. akọkọ ni Norwegian lang., Oslo, 1951, ki o si sinu Swedish. яз., Kшbenhavn, 1955); его жe, Aye ti orin, Mil., (1956); Larousse de la musique. Encyclopedic Dictionary, labẹ awọn dir. nipasẹ N. Dufourcq, v. 1-2, P., 1957; Aschehougs Musiklexikon, Bd 1-2, Kшbenhavn, 1957-58; Iwe-ìmọ ọfẹ orin gbogbogbo, vols 1-6, Ahtw. —Amst., 1957-65; Encyclopedia of Music, dir. F. Michel, F. Lesure ati V. Fydorov, v. 1-3, P., 1958-61 (àdàkọ. Fasquelle); Music Encyclopedia, Vol. 1-2, Zagreb, 1958-63, Vol. Ọdun 1, 1971; Awọn iranti ti orin ati iwe-itumọ akọrin, Mil., 1959; Reiss I. W., Mala encyclopedia of music, ed. S. Sledzinskiego, Warsz., 1960 (1-е изд. под загл.: Podreczna Encyclopedia muzyki, Kr., 1946, oju-iwe А — К); Encyclopedia ti orin Ricordi, v. 1-4, Mil., 1964, v. Ọdun 1-6, Ọdun 1972; Szabolssi V., Toth A., Orin Lexicon, vol. 1-2, Bdpst, 1930-31, kцt. Ọdun 1-3, Ọdun 1965; Seeger H., Musiklexikon, Bd 1-2, Lpz., 1966; Honegger M., Iwe-itumọ ti Orin, c.

Orin Orilẹ-ede ati Awọn akọrin: Afiganisitani – Habib-i-Nuvwabi, Awọn oṣere Afgan, Kabul, 1958 (ni Afgan. kọ.); Bẹljiọmu - Gregory E. G., Ibi-aye aworan ti awọn oṣere akọrin Belgian ti awọn ọdun 1862th ati 1885th, Brux., XNUMX, XNUMX, Suppl. 1887 ati 1890; Vannes R., Souris A., Itumọ ti awọn akọrin (Belgian) (awọn olupilẹṣẹ), Brux., (s. a.); Bulgaria - Encyclopedia of Bulgarian Musical Culture, Sofia, 1967; Great Britain - Baptie D., Orin Scotland, ti o ti kọja ati lọwọlọwọ, jẹ iwe-itumọ ti awọn akọrin Scotland, Paisley, 1894; Oorun F. J., Iwe-itumọ ti Awọn akọrin Ilu Gẹẹsi lati Akoko Ibẹrẹ titi di isisiyi, L., 1895; Brown J. D. ati S tratton S. S., British Igbesiaye, Birmingham, 1897; Padelford F. M., Awọn ofin Orin Gẹẹsi atijọ, Bonn, 1899; Morris W. M., British violin-makers Classical and modern, L., 1904, 1920; Pulver J., A Dictionary of Old English Music ati Musical Instruments, L., 1923; его же, A Biographic Dictionary of Old English Music, L., 1927; Palmer R., Orin Oyinbo. Encyclopedia ti Awọn akọrin Ilu Gẹẹsi, L., 1948; Carter H. H., A Dictionary of Middle English gaju ni awọn ofin, Bloomington, (1961); Venezuela – M'sicos venezolanos, Caracas, (1963); Jẹmánì – Lipovsky F. J., Bayerisches Musik-Lexikon, Munich, 1811; Kossmaly К., Schlesisches Tonkьnstler-Lexikon, Breslau, 1846-47; Ledebur С., Tonkьnstler-Lexikon Berlins lati igba atijọ julọ titi di isisiyi, В., 1861; Múller E. H., Deutsches Musiken-Lexikon, Dresden, 1929. German Democratic Republic – Komponisten und Musikwissenschaftler der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, V., 1959; Greece – Drieberg F., Wörterbuch der griechischen Musik …, V., 1835; India – Sachs C., Musikinstrumente Indiens und Indonesiens, B,, (1915); Wig Ravindra, Awọn eeya Orin Onigbagbọ (India), Allahabad, 1954 (ni India); Garga Lakshminarayan, Awọn iṣura ti Orin Wa, ch. 1, Hatkharos, 1957 (Ind. kọ .- Igbesiaye. dictionary 360 orin. awọn isiro ti India lati igba atijọ titi di oni); Ireland – Iwe amudani ti orin Irish, Dublin, 1928; Spain – Saldoni y Remendo V., Diccionario biobibliografico de m'sicos espaсoles, v. 1-4, Madrid, 1881; Redrell F., Iwe-itumọ-itumọ-itumọ Bio-Bibliographical ti atijọ ati Ara ilu Sipania, Ilu Pọtugali, ati Awọn akọrin Amẹrika-Amẹrika ati Awọn onkọwe Orin (A — F), Ilu Barcelona, ​​​​1897; Lihori ti JS R., Orin ni Valencia. Iwe ito iṣẹlẹ igbesi aye ati alariwisi, Valencia, 1903; Италия – Regli F., Iwe-itumọ Igbesiaye (Awọn akọrin Ilu Italia, 1800-1860), Turin, 1860; Mayr J. S., Biografie discrittori e artisti musicali Bergamaschi nativi od oriundi…, Bergamo, 1875; Masutto G., I maestri di musica italiani del secolo XIX, Venezia, 1880; De Angelis A., L'Italia musicale d'oggi Dizionario dei musicisti, Roma, 1918, 1928; Terzo B., Dizionario dei chitarristi e luitai italiani, Bologna, 1937; Canada – Dictionnaire biographique de musiciennes canadiens, Quebek, 1922, 1935; Gingras C., Musiciennes de chez nous, Monreal, 1955; Kolombia – Zapata S., Compositores Colombianos, Medellin, 1962; Orilẹ-ede Democratic People's Republic of Korea – Wang Heung Ryong, Iwe-itumọ ti Awọn ofin Orin, Pyongyang, 1958 (ni Kor. kọ.); Fiorino - Letzer J. H., Netherlands Musical. 1850-1910. Bio-bibliographisch woordenboek, Utrecht, 1911, 1913; Norway – Шstvedt A., Orin ati awọn akọrin ni Norway loni, Oslo, 1961; Poland – Sowinski A., Les musiciens polonais et ẹrú anciens et modernes. Dictionnaire biographique, P., 1857; его же, Dictionary of Polish atijọ ati orin ode oni, P., 1874; Shybinski A., Iwe-itumọ orin ni Polandii atijọ titi di ọdun 1800, Kr., 1949; Szulс Z., Iwe-itumọ ti Luthiers Polish, Poznan, 1953; Schдffer В., Almanac ti awọn olupilẹṣẹ Polandii…, Kr., 1956; Сhominski J., Dictionary of Polish awọn akọrin, vol. 1-2, Kr., 1964-67; Apejuwe - Vasconcellos J. A., Awọn akọrin Portuguese, biography-bibliographia, v. 1-2, Porto, 1870; Viera E., Iwe-itumọ igbesi aye ti Awọn akọrin Ilu Pọtugali, v. 1-2, Lisbon, 1900; Amorim E., Iwe-itumọ Igbesiaye ti Awọn akọrin ti Ilu Pọtugali, Porto, 1935; Mazza J., Iwe-itumọ Igbesiaye ti Awọn akọrin Ilu Pọtugali, (Evora, 1949); Румыния - Соsma V., Roman Musicological Comppositor, Buc., 1965; его же, Awọn akọrin Romu. Composers ati musicologists. Lexikon, Buc., 1970; Orilẹ Amẹrika - Jones F. О., Iwe amudani ti Orin ati Awọn akọrin Amẹrika, N. Y., 1886, àdàkọ tuntun., N. Y., 1971; (Pratt W. S.), Afikun Amẹrika si Groves Dictionary, N. Y., 1920, 1928, 1949; Metсalf F., Awọn onkọwe Amẹrika ati Awọn akopọ ti Orin Mimọ, N. Y., 1925; Awọn ọba Cl. R., Awọn olupilẹṣẹ ni Amẹrika, 1912-1937, N. Y., 1938, 1947; Atọka Bio-Bibliographical ti Awọn akọrin ni Orilẹ Amẹrika ti Amẹrika lati Awọn akoko Ileto, Wash., 1941, 1956; Howard J. T., Awọn olupilẹṣẹ ode oni wa. Orin Amẹrika ni ọrundun ogun, N. Y., 1941; Paapaa D., Awọn olupilẹṣẹ Amẹrika Loni, N. Y., 1949; Stambler I., Landon G., Encyclopedia ti awọn eniyan, orilẹ-ede ati orin Oorun, N. Y., 1969; Shestасk M., Encyclopedia orin orilẹ-ede, N. Y., 1974; Awọn orilẹ-ede ti Latin America - Itumọ ti awọn akọrin Latin America, awọn orin ati awọn ijó, ati awọn ohun elo orin, ninu iwe: Slonimsky N., Orin ti Latin America, N. Y., 1945; Tọki - Rona Mustafa, Ọdun Aadọta ti Orin Turki (Itumọ Iwe-itumọ ti Awọn akọrin Tọki), Istanbul, 1955 (ni Tọki); Iman Mahmut Keman, Awọn ohun Didun (itumọ-itumọ igbesi aye ti awọn akọrin Turki, 1785-1957), Istanbul, 1957 (ni Tọki); Finland – Suomen säveltäjid, Helsingfors, (1945); France – Poueigh J., Musiciens français daujourdhui, P., 1921; Bàbá J. J., Dictionnaire de musiciens de la Moselle, Metz, 1929; Czechoslovakia - Ceskoslovensky hudebni slovnik, t. 1-2, Prague, 1963-65; Швейцария – Refardt E., Olorin-Itan-Bibliographical Lexicon ti Switzerland, Lpz. - Z., 1928; Schuсh W., Iwe Orin Swiss, Vol. 2 - Orin Lexicon, satunkọ. nipasẹ W Schuch ati E. Refardt, Z., 1939; Sweden – Olsen H. und O., Svenska Kyrkomusici, iwe itọkasi igbesi aye, Stockh., 1928, 1936; Югославия - Goglia A., Komorna musika u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 1930; его же, Domaйi violinist u Zagrebu XIX i XX St., Zagreb, 1941; Боръевих В. R., Awọn ifunni si iwe-itumọ igbesi aye ti awọn akọrin Serbia, Belgrade, 1950; Kovacevic K., awọn olupilẹṣẹ Croatian ati djjla wọn, Zagreb, 1960; Kucukalic Z., Awọn ohun kikọ ti imusin Bosnia-Herzegovinian composers, Sarbjevo, 1961; Awọn olupilẹṣẹ ati awọn onkọwe orin ti Yugoslavia. Awọn ọmọ ẹgbẹ ti Association of Composers of Yugoslavia.

Orin ati awọn akọrin ode oni: Eaglefield-Hull A., Iwe-itumọ ti orin ati awọn akọrin ode oni, L., 1919, kanna, L. – NY, 1924 (deutsch übers. und Suppl. von A. Einstein – Das neue Musiklexikon, B ., 1926); Recupito MV, Artisti e musicisti moderni, Mil., 1933; Ewen D., Awọn olupilẹṣẹ ti oni, NY, 1934, 1936; Prieberg F., Lexikon der neuen Musik, Münch., 1958; Schdffner V., Leksykon kompozytorw XX wieku, t. 1-2, Kr., 1963-65; Thompson K., Iwe-itumọ ti awọn olupilẹṣẹ ọrundun ogun (1911-71), L., 1973.

Awọn itọkasi: Clement F., Larousse P., Lirical or Historical Dictionary of Opйras, P., 1869-1881, 1905; Loewenberg A., Annals ti opera. Ọdun 1597-1940, Camb. Ọdun 1943-1, Jẹn., 2; Jirouschek J., International Operanlexicon, W., 1955; Manferrari U., Iwe-itumọ gbogbo agbaye ti Melodramatic Opera, v. 1948-1, Florence, 3-1954; Ewen D., Encyclopedia ti Opera, (NY, 55); его же, The New Encyclopedia of the Opera, L., 1955; Encyclopedia of spectacolo, v. 1973-1, Rome, 9-1954; Crowell s Handbook of World Opera…, NY, (62); Rosenthal H., Warrack J., Itumọ Oxford Dictionary ti Opera, L., 1961; Towers J., Dictionarycatalog of operas and operettas, v. 1964-1, NY, 2.

Awọn itọkasi: Beuamont С., Iwe-itumọ Faranse-Gẹẹsi ti Awọn ofin Imọ-ẹrọ ti a lo ninu Ballet Classical, L., 1944; Wilson GBL, A Dictionary of Ballet, L., 1957, 1961; Kersley L., Sinclair J., A Dictionary of Ballet Awọn ofin, L., 1952, 1964; Dictionary ti ballet ati ijó, net. Gasch S., Ilu Barcelona, ​​​​(1956); Dictionary of Modern Ballet. Ed. Fernand Hazan, P., 1957 (Pres. - NY, 1959).

Awọn ohun elo orin ati awọn oluwa ohun elo: Jacquot A., Dictionnaire pratique et raisonné des instruments de musique anciens et modernes, P., 1886; Lütgendorff WL, Geigen- und Lautenmacher vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, Fr./M., 1904, Bd 1-2, 1922; Sachs K., Real-Lexikon der Musikinstrumente, B., 1913; Nachdruck Hildesheim, 1964; Iwe-itumọ ti awọn ara ati awọn ẹda ara, L., 1921; Prat D., Diccionario biografico-bibliografico-historico-critico de guitarras…, Buenos-Aires, (1933); Egungun Ph.J., Gita ati mandolin…, L., 1914, L., 1954; Vannes R., Dictionnaire universel des luthiers, Brux., 1951, 1958; Avgerinos G., Lexikon der Pauke, Fr./M., 1964; Jalovec K., Enzyklopädie des Geigenbaues, t. 1-2, Prague, Ọdun 1965.

Orin orin: Ani D., Encyclopedia of concert music, NY, 1959.

Orin Iyẹwu: Iwadi cyclopedie ti Cobbet ti orin iyẹwu, v. 1-2, L., 1929, v. 1-3, 1963.

Симфоний: Blaukopf K., Lexicon ti Symphony, Bregens-W., (195…).

Ohun elo ati orin ohun (awọn akori orin): Barlow H., Morgenstern S., Iwe-itumọ ti awọn akori orin, NY, 1948; tiwọn, Iwe-itumọ ti awọn akori ohun, NY, 1950.

Orin Itanna: Eimert H., Humpert HU, Das Lexicon der elektronischen Musik, Regensburg, 1973.

Orisun: Longstreet S., Dauer AM, Knaurs Jazz Lexicon, Manchester. - Z., 1957; Feather L., The Encyclopedia of Jazz, NY, 1955, titun ed., 1960; Wasserberger J., Jazzovэ Slovnik, Bratislava, 1966.

Awọn akojọpọ ohun elo ohun elo imusin: Lillian Roxon Rock encyclopedia, (NY, 1970).

Orisun akọkọ: Darrel RD, The Gramophone Shop Encyclopedia of Music Recorded, NY, 1936, 1948; Сlоugh F., Cuming GJ, The world encyclopaedia of record music of 1925 — March 1950, L., 1952-57, Suppl. Ọdun 1-3, Ọdun 1950-55, L., (1952)-57

Russian ami-rogbodiyan jẹ ti

Awọn iwe-itumọ orin ti ọrọ-ọrọ: Afikun ti o ṣiṣẹ bi alaye ti awọn ofin orin imọ-ẹrọ, ninu iwe naa: Iriri ilana lori bi o ṣe le kọ awọn ọmọde lati ka orin ni irọrun bi kikọ lasan, trans. lati Faranse, (M.), 1773; ( ID Gerstenberg ), Iwe-itumọ orin ti o ni awọn ọrọ ati awọn ọrọ ti a lo ninu orin, ninu iwe: Iwe apo fun awọn ololufẹ orin fun 1795, St. Petersburg, 1795; (Snegirev LA), Iwe orin afọwọṣe, St. Iwe-itumọ Orin Orin Soki, St. Petersburg, 1837, P., 1840; Antsev MV, Awọn ọrọ orin, Vitebsk, 1; Voronin V., Iwe-itumọ Orin (pẹlu afikun alaye ti ọna ti awọn okun ti awọn ohun elo orin), Vladimir, 1898.

Awọn iwe-itumọ orin ti igbesi aye: Kushenov-Dmitrevsky DF, Lori awọn oṣere ati awọn iṣesi orin, ninu iwe rẹ: Ile ọnọ Lyrical…, St. Petersburg, 1831; Scar A., ​​Lexicon ti igbesi aye ti awọn olupilẹṣẹ Russian ati awọn eeya orin, St. Lisovsky N., Iwe-itumọ ti awọn olupilẹṣẹ ati awọn nọmba orin, ninu iwe rẹ: Kalẹnda orin-almanac ati iwe itọkasi fun 1879, St. Petersburg, 1886; (Findeizen N.), Iwe-itumọ ṣoki ti Awọn alariwisi Orin Rọsia ati Awọn eniyan ti o Kọ Nipa Orin ni Russia, ninu iwe: Kalẹnda Almanac Musical fun 1890, St. Petersburg, 1889; Awọn igbesi aye ti awọn olupilẹṣẹ lati 1895th si awọn ọgọrun ọdun 1895th. Ajeji ati Russian Eka, ed. A. Ilyinsky. Ẹka Polandii, ed. G. Pakhulsky, M., 1904; Itumọ Itumọ ti Awọn eeya Orin Orin Rọsia ti ode oni, vol. 1-2, Od., (1907-08); Maslov A., Awọn oniwadi ati awọn olugba ti awọn orin Russian, ninu iwe rẹ: Iriri ti olori ninu iwadi ti orin eniyan Russian, M., 1911.

Awọn iwe-itumọ orin ti Encyclopedic: Garras A., Iwe-itumọ orin afọwọṣe pẹlu afikun awọn itan-akọọlẹ igbesi aye ti awọn olupilẹṣẹ olokiki ati awọn ope, M., 1850 (ti a tẹjade ni ọpọlọpọ igba; awọn atẹjade atẹle labẹ akọle “ọrọ-ọrọ orin” ni awọn ọrọ-ọrọ nikan ninu, atunṣe ati afikun nipasẹ V. Odoevsky, M., 1866); Cherlitsky I., Itọsọna orin kan fun awọn oṣere ati awọn ololufẹ orin, ti o ni iwe-ìmọ ọfẹ kukuru kan, ie pataki julọ ti imọ orin, alaye ti gbogbo awọn ọrọ ajeji ati awọn afọwọya igbesi aye… St. Petersburg, 1852 (ọrọ ni Jẹmánì, Faranse ati Russian. .); Perepelitsyn PD, Musical Dictionary. Encyclopedic itọkasi gbigba, M., 1884; Riman G., Iwe-itumọ Orin, trans. lati 5. German ed., fi. Ẹka Russian…, trans. ati gbogbo awọn afikun ed. Yu. Engel, (ọrọ 1-19), M., 1901-04; Engel Yu., Iwe-itumọ orin kukuru, M., 1907; tirẹ, Pocket Musical Dictionary, M., (1913); Kalafati V., olórin Sputnik, St. Petersburg, 1911.

Lara awọn iwe-itumọ orin miiran: (Findeisen N.), Iwe-itumọ kukuru ti Awọn ohun elo Orin Folk ni Russia, ninu iwe: Kalẹnda Musical – Almanac fun 1896, St. Petersburg, 1896; Preobrazhensky A., Iwe-itumọ ti orin ijo ti Russia, St. Silvo LG, Iriri ti atọka alfabeti kan si awọn ballets, pantomimes, awọn ipinya ati awọn iṣẹ ipele ti o jọra ti a kọ ati ti a ṣeto ni Russia… (1896-1672), St. Petersburg, 1900.

Awọn ẹya Soviet

Awọn iwe-itumọ orin ti ọrọ-ọrọ: Glebov I., Itọsọna si awọn ere orin, vol. 1 - Iwe-itumọ ti orin pataki julọ ati awọn yiyan imọ-ẹrọ, P., 1919; Tzadik I., Iwe-itumọ ti awọn ọrọ orin ajeji, ed. ati pẹlu afikun MV Ivanov-Boretsky. Moscow, 1935. Sezhensky K., Iwe itọkasi orin kukuru, M., 1938; tirẹ, A Brief Dictionary of Musical Terms, M., 1948, M. – L., 1950; Garbuzov N., Awọn ọrọ-ọrọ lori imọran alakọbẹrẹ ti orin, M. - L., 1944 (lori ideri: 1945); Ostrovsky AL, Iwe-itumọ orin kukuru, L.-M., 1949; Ravlyuchenko SA, Iwe-itumọ orin kukuru (iwe itọkasi), M., 1950; Dolzhansky AN, Iwe-itumọ orin kukuru, L., 1952, 1964; Dapkviashvili TV, Iwe-itumọ ti awọn ọrọ orin, Tb., 1955 (ni Georgian); Steinpress B., Yampolsky I., Iwe-itumọ ṣoki ti Olufẹ Orin, M., 1961, 1967; Albina D., Muzikas terminu vardnica, Riga, 1962; Alagushev B., Russian-Kyrgyz dictionary ti awọn ọrọ orin, P., 1969; Kruntyaeva T., Molokova N., Stupel A., Iwe-itumọ ti awọn ọrọ orin ajeji, (L.), 1974.

Awọn iwe-itumọ orin igbesi aye: Rindeizen N., Atunyẹwo kukuru ti awọn akọwe orin, awọn olupilẹṣẹ ati awọn onimọ-jinlẹ ti awọn ọdun 1th-1928th, ninu iwe rẹ: Awọn arosọ lori itan-akọọlẹ orin ni Russia, vol. 1, M. - L., 1937; Solodukho Ya., Yarustovsky B., Soviet composers, vol. 1937, M., 1; Awọn oludije Soviet ti awọn idije orin agbaye (ti a ṣe akopọ nipasẹ MI Shulman), M., 1938; Soviet Composers, vol. Ọdun 1938, L., 1940; Awọn akọrin - Awọn ọmọ ẹgbẹ Komsomol ti Moscow (ti a ṣajọ nipasẹ G. Gruzd), M., 1951; Chkhikvadze G., Awọn olupilẹṣẹ Gruz. SSR, Tb., 1951; Awọn olupilẹṣẹ ti Soviet Ukraine, K., 1954; Koralsky A. Ya., Awọn olupilẹṣẹ ti Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 1954; Awọn olupilẹṣẹ Soviet - awọn oyè ti Stalin Prize, ed. VM Bogdanov-Berezovsky ati EP Nikitin, L., 1955; Awọn olupilẹṣẹ ti Soviet Kazakhstan, Iwe Itọkasi, A.-A., 1955; Gravitis O., Awọn igbesi aye kukuru ti Awọn olupilẹṣẹ Latvia, Riga, 1956; Lebedinsky L., Awọn olupilẹṣẹ ti Bashkiria, M., 1956; Awọn olupilẹṣẹ Armenia (ti a ṣajọ nipasẹ RA Atayan, MO Muradyan, AG Tetevosyan), Yer., 1956; Composers Mold. SSR, Kish., 1957; Composers ati musicologists ti Soviet Latvia. Awọn alaye igbesi aye kukuru, Riga, 1957; Awọn olupilẹṣẹ ti Tajikistan, Stalinabad, 1959; Awọn olupilẹṣẹ Soviet. Iwe itọkasi igbesi aye kukuru (ti a ṣajọ nipasẹ G. Bernandt ati A. Dolzhansky), M., 1959; Khalilov RG, Awọn olupilẹṣẹ ti Azerbaijan, Baku, 1960; Asinovskaya A., Akbarov I., Awọn olupilẹṣẹ ti Soviet Uzbekisitani, Tash., 1961; Agababov SA, Awọn nọmba ti aworan orin ti Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1961; (Abasova E.), Awọn olupilẹṣẹ ọdọ ti Azerbaijan, Baku, 100; Awọn olupilẹṣẹ Soviet, awọn ẹlẹṣẹ ti Lenin Prize, L., 1962; Iwe-itumọ kukuru ti awọn olukọ, ninu iwe: 1965 ọdun ti Leningrad Conservatory. aroko itan, L., 1966; Union of Composers of Azerbaijan, Baku, 1866; Zhuravlev D., Awọn olupilẹṣẹ ti Soviet Belarus. Iwe itọkasi igbesi aye kukuru, Minsk, 1966; Akojọ ti awọn olukọ ti Moscow Conservatory. ni pataki eko. (1866-1966), ninu iwe: Moscow Conservatory, 1966-1966, M., 1967; Awọn olupilẹṣẹ ti Tajikistan, Dushanbe, 1968; Awọn olupilẹṣẹ ti Soviet Moldavia. Iwe itọkasi igbesi aye kukuru, Kish., 1968; Toradze GG, Awọn olupilẹṣẹ ti Georgia, Tb., 1969; Mukha A., Sidorenko N., Spilka olupilẹṣẹ ni URSR. Davidnik, Kiev, 1969; Bolotin S., Iwe-itumọ Igbesiaye ti Awọn oṣere Ohun elo Afẹfẹ, L., 1970; Grigoriev L., Platek Ya., Awọn oludari ode oni, M., 1; Àtinúdá ti composers ati musicologists Est. SSR, Tal., 2; Bernandt GB, Yampolsky IM Ta kowe nipa orin. Iwe-itumọ iwe-itumọ ti awọn alariwisi orin ati awọn eniyan ti o kowe nipa orin ni iṣaaju rogbodiyan Russia ati USSR, vol. 1971-74, M., 1974-XNUMX; Karklin LA, Awọn olupilẹṣẹ ati Awọn onimọ-jinlẹ ti Soviet Latvia, Riga, XNUMX.

Awọn iwe-itumọ orin encyclopedic: Kargareteli IG, Encyclopedia Musical, Tiflis, 1933 (ni Georgian); Steinpress B., Yampolsky I., Encyclopedic dictionary musical, M., 1959, 1966; Alábàákẹ́gbẹ́ olórin kan, ìwé atúmọ̀ èdè àpótí Encyclopedic (ti A. Ostrovsky ṣàtúnṣe), M. – L., 1964, L., 1969.

Awọn iwe-itumọ Opera: Bernandt G., Iwe-itumọ ti awọn operas ti kọkọ gbejade ati ti a tẹjade ni Russia iṣaaju-iyipo ati ni USSR. (1736-1959), M., 1962; Gozenpud A., Opera Dictionary, M. – L., 1965.

Awọn iwe-itumọ ti awọn akopọ ti awọn oriṣi miiran: Romanovsky NV, Choral Dictionary, L., 1968, 1972; Buluchevsky Yu., Fomin V., Orin atijọ. Iwe itumọ-itọkasi, L., 1974.

Awọn iwe-itumọ ti awọn idije orin: Awọn idije orin ni iṣaaju ati lọwọlọwọ. Iwe afọwọkọ, M., 1966.

To jo: Koltypina GB, Awọn iwe itọkasi lori orin … Atọka ti litireso ni Russian. 1773-1962, M., 1964; Lasalle A. de, Catalog du tout des dictionnaires de musique publiés en français in Dictionnaire de la musique appliquée al amour, P., 1868; M.aghi-Dufflocq E., Dizionari di musica, “Bolletino Bibliografico musicale, 1933, Anno 8, No 3, p. 5-33; Schaal R., Die Musik-Lexika, ninu iwe: Jahrbuch der Musikwelt, (B.), 1949; Coover JB, Bibliography ti awọn iwe-itumọ orin, Denver Col., 1952; Albrecht H., “Der neue Grove”, und die gegenvärtige Lage der Musiklexikographie, “Mf”, 1955, Bd 8, H. 4.

IM Yampolsky