Olivier Messiaen (Olivier Messiaen) |

Olivier Messiaen

… sacramenti, Awọn itanna imọlẹ ni alẹ Iṣalaye ti ayọ Awọn ẹyẹ ipalọlọ… O. Messiaen

Olupilẹṣẹ Faranse O. Messiaen ni ẹtọ gba ọkan ninu awọn aaye ọlá ninu itan-akọọlẹ ti aṣa orin ti ọrundun 11th. Wọ́n bí i sínú ìdílé olóye. Bàbá rẹ̀ jẹ́ onímọ̀ èdè Flemish, ìyá rẹ̀ sì jẹ́ olókìkí akéwì Gúúsù Faransé Cecile Sauvage. Ni ọdun 1930, Messiaen fi ilu abinibi rẹ silẹ o si lọ lati ṣe iwadi ni Conservatory Paris - ti nṣire eto ara (M. Dupre), ti o kọ (P. Dukas), itan orin (M. Emmanuel). Lẹhin ayẹyẹ ipari ẹkọ lati ile-ẹkọ giga (1936), Messiaen gba ipo ti oluṣeto ti Ile-ijọsin Parisi ti Mẹtalọkan Mimọ. Ọdun 39-1942. o kọ ẹkọ ni Ecole Normale de Musique, lẹhinna ni Schola cantorum, lati ọdun 1966 o ti nkọ ni Paris Conservatory (ibaramu, itupale orin, aesthetics orin, imọ-ẹmi orin, lati 1936 ọjọgbọn ti akopọ). Ni ọdun 1940, Messiaen, pẹlu I. Baudrier, A. Jolivet ati D. Lesure, ṣe agbekalẹ ẹgbẹ ọdọ France, eyiti o tiraka fun idagbasoke awọn aṣa ti orilẹ-ede, fun ifarabalẹ taara ati kikun ti ara ti orin. "Ọdọmọbìnrin France" kọ awọn ipa-ọna ti neoclassicism, dodecaphony, ati folklorism. Pẹlu ibesile ogun, Messiaen lọ bi ọmọ ogun si iwaju, ni 41-1941. wà ni a German POW ibudó ni Silesia; nibẹ ni "Quartet for the End of Time" ti a kọ fun violin, cello, clarinet ati piano (XNUMX) ati iṣẹ akọkọ rẹ ti waye nibẹ.

Ni akoko lẹhin-ogun, Messiaen ṣe aṣeyọri idanimọ agbaye gẹgẹbi olupilẹṣẹ, ṣe bi ẹya ara ẹrọ ati bi pianist (nigbagbogbo pẹlu pianist Yvonne Loriot, ọmọ ile-iwe rẹ ati alabaṣepọ igbesi aye), kọ nọmba awọn iṣẹ lori ilana orin. Lara awọn ọmọ ile-iwe Messiaen ni P. Boulez, K. Stockhausen, J. Xenakis.

Awọn aesthetics Messiaen ṣe agbekalẹ ipilẹ ipilẹ ti ẹgbẹ “Young France”, eyiti o pe fun ipadabọ si orin lẹsẹkẹsẹ ti sisọ awọn ikunsinu. Lara awọn orisun stylistic ti iṣẹ rẹ, olupilẹṣẹ ararẹ awọn orukọ, ni afikun si awọn oluwa Faranse (C. Debussy), orin Gregorian, awọn orin Russian, orin ti aṣa ila-oorun (ni pato, India), orin ẹiyẹ. Awọn akopọ Messiaen ti kun pẹlu ina, didan aramada, wọn tan pẹlu didan ti awọn awọ ohun didan, awọn iyatọ ti o rọrun ṣugbọn ti a tunṣe ninu orin innation ati awọn olokiki “agba aye” didan, awọn agbara ti n ṣan, awọn ohun didan ti awọn ẹiyẹ, paapaa awọn akọrin ẹiyẹ ati ipalọlọ ayọ ti ọkàn. Ni awọn aye ti Messiaen ko si aaye fun lojojumo prosaism, ẹdọfu ati rogbodiyan ti eda eniyan dramas; ani awọn simi, ẹru awọn aworan ti awọn ti o tobi ti ogun ni won lailai sile ninu awọn orin ti awọn Ipari Time Quartet. Kikọ silẹ kekere, ẹgbẹ lojoojumọ ti otitọ, Messiaen fẹ lati jẹrisi awọn iye aṣa ti ẹwa ati isokan, aṣa ti ẹmi giga ti o tako rẹ, kii ṣe nipa “pada sipo” wọn nipasẹ iru isọlọrun kan, ṣugbọn lọpọlọpọ nipa lilo intonation ode oni ati pe o yẹ. ọna orin ede. Messiaen ro ni "ayeraye" awọn aworan ti Catholic orthodoxy ati pantheistically awọ cosmology. Ni jiyàn idi aramada ti orin bi “igbese igbagbọ”, Messiaen fun awọn akole ẹsin rẹ ni awọn akọle ẹsin: “Iran Amin” fun awọn pianos meji (1943), “Awọn Liturgies Kekere Mẹta si Wiwa Ọlọrun” (1944), “Awọn iwo Ogún ti Ọmọ-ọwọ Jesu” fun piano (1944), “Mass at Pentecost” (1950), oratorio “Iyipada Oluwa Wa Jesu Kristi” (1969), “Tii fun Ajinde Awọn Oku” (1964, ni ayẹyẹ ọdun 20) ti opin Ogun Agbaye II). Paapaa awọn ẹiyẹ pẹlu orin wọn - ohùn ẹda - ni itumọ nipasẹ Messiaen mystically, wọn jẹ “awọn iranṣẹ ti awọn agbegbe ti kii ṣe ohun elo”; iru ni itumo ti awọn birdsong ninu awọn akopo "The Ijidide ti awọn ẹiyẹ" fun piano ati orchestra (1953); "Awọn ẹyẹ Alailẹgbẹ" fun piano, Percussion ati orchestra iyẹwu (1956); "Katalogi ti Awọn ẹyẹ" fun piano (1956-58), "Blackbird" fun fère ati piano (1951). Ara “ẹyẹ” ti o fafa ti rhythmically tun wa ninu awọn akopọ miiran.

Messiaen tun nigbagbogbo ni awọn eroja ti aami nọmba. Nitorinaa, “Metalokan” wa ninu “Awọn liturgies kekere mẹta” - awọn apakan 3 ti iyipo, apakan mẹta kọọkan, awọn ẹya ẹrọ timbre-meta ni igba mẹta, ẹgbẹ akọrin obinrin ni igba miiran pin si awọn ẹya mẹta.

Bibẹẹkọ, iru aworan orin Messiaen, iwa ihuwasi Faranse ti orin rẹ, nigbagbogbo “didasilẹ, gbona” ikosile, iṣiro imọ-jinlẹ ti olupilẹṣẹ ode oni ti o ṣe agbekalẹ eto orin adase ti iṣẹ rẹ - gbogbo eyi wọ inu ilodi kan. pẹlu orthodoxy ti awọn akọle ti akopo. Pẹlupẹlu, awọn koko-ọrọ ẹsin ni a rii nikan ninu diẹ ninu awọn iṣẹ Messiaen (oun funrarẹ rii ninu ararẹ yiyan orin “mimọ, alailesin ati ẹkọ ẹkọ”). Awọn apakan miiran ti aye iṣapẹẹrẹ rẹ ni a mu ninu awọn akopọ bii orin aladun “Turangaila” fun piano ati awọn igbi nipasẹ Martenot ati akọrin (“Orin ti Ifẹ, Orin si Ayọ ti Akoko, Iyika, Rhythm, Aye ati Iku”, 1946-48 ); "Chronochromia" fun orchestra (1960); "Lati Gorge si awọn Stars" fun piano, iwo ati onilu (1974); “Haiku Meje” fun piano ati orchestra (1962); Etudes Rhythmic Mẹrin (1949) ati Preludes mẹjọ (1929) fun piano; Akori ati Awọn iyatọ fun Fayolini ati Piano (1932); iyipo ohun orin "Yaravi" (1945, ni awọn itan-akọọlẹ Peruvian, yaravi jẹ orin ifẹ ti o pari nikan pẹlu iku awọn ololufẹ); "Fast of the Beautiful Waters" (1937) ati "Meji ​​monodies ni quartertones" (1938) fun Martenot igbi; "Awọn akọrin meji nipa Joan of Arc" (1941); Kanteyojaya, iwadi rhythmic fun piano (1948); "Timbres-igba" (orin nja, 1952), opera "Saint Francis of Assisi" (1984).

Gẹgẹbi onimọran orin kan, Messiaen gbarale iṣẹ tirẹ, ṣugbọn tun lori iṣẹ ti awọn olupilẹṣẹ miiran (pẹlu awọn ara ilu Russia, ni pataki, I. Stravinsky), lori orin Gregorian, itan-akọọlẹ Russian, ati lori awọn iwo ti onimọ-jinlẹ India ti Ilu India. Ọdun 1944. Sharngadevs. Ninu iwe naa "Imọ-ẹrọ ti Ede Orin Mi" (XNUMX), o ṣe ilana ilana ti awọn ipo modal ti iyipada ti o ni opin ati eto ti o ni imọran ti awọn rhythms, pataki fun orin ode oni. Orin Messiaen ti ara-ara gbejade mejeeji asopọ ti awọn akoko (titi di Aarin Aarin) ati iṣelọpọ ti awọn aṣa ti Oorun ati Ila-oorun.

Y. Kholopov

Awọn akojọpọ:

fun akorin - Awọn liturgies kekere mẹta ti wiwa Ọlọrun (Trois petites liturgies de la niwaju atọrunwa, fun akọrin unison obinrin, adashe piano, igbi ti Martenot, awọn okun, orc., ati percussion, 1944), Reshans marun (Cinq rechants, 1949), Mẹtalọkan Mass of the Day (La Messe de la Pentecote, 1950), oratorio Iyipada Oluwa Wa (La transfiguration du Notre Seigneur, fun akorin, orchestra ati awọn ohun elo adashe, 1969); fun orchestra – Awọn ọrẹ ti a gbagbe (Les offrandes oubliees, 1930), Orin iyin (1932), Ascension (L'Ascension, 4 symphonic plays, 1934), Chronochromia (1960); fun irinse ati orkestra - Turangaila Symphony (fp., igbi ti Martenot, 1948), Ijidide ti awọn ẹiyẹ (La reveil des oiseaux, fp., 1953), Exotic Birds (Les oiseaux exotiques, fp., Percussion and chamber orchestra, 1956), meje Haiku (Sept Hap-kap, fp., 1963); fun idẹ band ati percussion – Mo ni tii fun ajinde awọn okú (Et expecto riseem mortuorum, 1965, fifun nipasẹ awọn French ijoba lori awọn 20 aseye ti opin Ogun Agbaye II); iyẹwu irinse ensembles - Akori pẹlu awọn iyatọ (fun skr. ati fp., 1932), Quartet fun opin akoko (Quatuor pour la fin du temps, fun skr., clarinet, vlch., fp., 1941), Blackbird (Le merle noir, fun fèrè i fp., 1950); fun piano – a cycle of Twenty views of the baby Jesus (Vingt regards sur l'enfant Jesus, 19444), rhythmic studies (Quatre etudes de rythme, 1949-50), Catalog of eye (Catalogue d'oiseaux, 7 notebooks, 1956-59) ); fun 2 pianos – Awọn iran ti Amin (Iran de l'Amen, 1943); fun ẹya ara – Communion orun (Le àsè celeste, 1928), ara suites, pẹlu. Ọjọ Keresimesi (La nativite du Seigneur, 1935), Organ Album (Livre d'Orgue, 1951); fun ohùn ati duru - Awọn orin ti aiye ati ọrun (Chants de terre et de ciel, 1938), Haravi (1945), ati bẹbẹ lọ.

Awọn iwe-ẹkọ ati awọn iwe afọwọkọ: 20 eko ni igbalode solfeges, P., 1933; Ogún Awọn ẹkọ ni Harmony, P., 1939; Ilana ti ede orin mi, c. 1-2, P., 1944; Toju lori Rhythm, v. 1-2, P., 1948.

Awọn iṣẹ iwe-kikọ: Apejọ Brussels, P., 1960.