Стнислав Монюшко (Stanisław Moniuszko) |

Stanisław Moniuszko

Olupilẹṣẹ Polish ti o tayọ S. Moniuszko ni ẹlẹda ti opera kilasika ti orilẹ-ede ati awọn orin ohun orin iyẹwu. Iṣẹ rẹ gba awọn ẹya ara ẹrọ ti awọn eniyan orin ti awọn polu, Ukrainians ati Belarusians. Lati igba ewe, Moniuszko ni aye lati ni oye pẹlu itan-akọọlẹ alagbede ti awọn eniyan Slavic. Awọn obi rẹ fẹran aworan, ni ọpọlọpọ awọn talenti iṣẹ ọna. Iya rẹ kọ orin ọmọdekunrin naa, baba rẹ jẹ olorin magbowo. Awọn iṣẹ ile nigbagbogbo ni a ṣeto, ati ifẹ Stanislav fun itage, eyiti o dide lati igba ewe, kọja gbogbo igbesi aye rẹ.

Ni ọjọ ori 8, Moniuszko lọ si Warsaw - awọn ọdun ti iwadi bẹrẹ. O gba awọn ẹkọ lati ọdọ organist ati pianist A. Freyer. Ni ọdun 1830, Stanislav gbe lọ si Minsk, nibiti o ti wọ inu ile-idaraya ati ki o kọ ẹkọ pẹlu D. Stefanovich, ati labẹ ipa rẹ o pinnu nipari lati yan orin gẹgẹbi iṣẹ rẹ.

Moniuszko pari eto-ẹkọ orin rẹ ni ilu Berlin, ni Ile-ẹkọ giga Orin (1837-40). O ni oye iṣẹ naa pẹlu akọrin ati akọrin, gba aworan pipe diẹ sii ti aṣa orin (nipataki operatic) ti Yuroopu. Ni awọn ọdun wọnyi, awọn iṣẹ ominira akọkọ han: ibi-pupọ kan, awọn quartets okun 2, Awọn orin mẹta lori St. A. Mickiewicz, orin fun awọn iṣẹ. Ni ọdun 1840-58. Moniuszko ngbe ni Vilna (Vilnius). Nibi, jina si awọn ile-iṣẹ orin pataki, talenti rẹ ti o wapọ ti han. Ó ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí olùṣètò ti Ìjọ St. Lara awọn ọmọ ile-iwe rẹ ni olupilẹṣẹ Rọsia C. Cui, ọkan ninu awọn olukopa ninu Alagbara Handful. Pelu awọn iṣoro owo pataki, Moniuszko ṣiṣẹ pẹlu rẹ ni ọfẹ. Awọn ẹni-kọọkan ti olupilẹṣẹ akọkọ farahan ararẹ ni awọn oriṣi ti orin ati fifehan. Ni ọdun 1841 Iwe Orin akọkọ ti Moniuszko ti jade (o wa 12 lapapọ). Awọn orin ti a ṣẹda ni Vilna ni pipe pese aṣa ti awọn operas iwaju rẹ.

Aṣeyọri giga julọ ti Moniuszko ni opera Pebble. Eyi jẹ itan ibanilẹru nipa ọdọmọbinrin alagbero kan, ti o jẹ ẹtan ọlọla kan tan. Otitọ ati itara ti orin naa, ọlọrọ aladun jẹ ki opera yii jẹ olokiki paapaa ati ifẹ nipasẹ awọn Ọpa. "Pebble" ti wa ni ipele ni Vilna ni 1848. Aṣeyọri rẹ lẹsẹkẹsẹ mu okiki si onibajẹ ti agbegbe. Ṣugbọn ni ọdun mẹwa 10 lẹhinna, opera ni ẹya tuntun, ti ilọsiwaju pataki ni a ṣe ni Warsaw. Ọjọ ti iṣelọpọ yii (January 1, 1858) ni a ka bi ibi ti opera kilasika Polandi.

Lọ́dún 1858, Moniuszko rìnrìn àjò lọ sí orílẹ̀-èdè Jámánì, Faransé, àti Orílẹ̀-Èdè Olómìnira Czech (nígbà tó wà ní Weimar, ó bẹ F. Liszt wò). Ni akoko kanna, olupilẹṣẹ naa ni a pe si ipo ti oludari oludari ti Belki Theatre (Warsaw), eyiti o waye titi di opin awọn ọjọ rẹ. Ni afikun, Moniuszko jẹ olukọ ọjọgbọn ni Musical Institute (1864-72), nibiti o ti nkọ awọn kilasi ni akopọ, isokan ati counterpoint (laarin awọn ọmọ ile-iwe rẹ ni olupilẹṣẹ Z. Noskovsky). Moniuszko tun jẹ onkọwe ti Ile-iwe Piano ati iwe ẹkọ isokan.

Awọn iṣere loorekoore pẹlu awọn ere orin onkọwe ni St. Ti o dara ju ti Moniuszko ká iṣẹ ni nkan ṣe nipataki pẹlu awon eya ti a ko fi ọwọ kan nipasẹ awọn nla Polish Ayebaye F. Chopin tabi ko gba pataki idagbasoke lati rẹ – pẹlu opera ati orin. Moniuszko ṣẹda 15 operas. Ni afikun si Pebbles, awọn iṣẹ rẹ ti o dara julọ pẹlu The Enchanted Castle (The Terrible Yard - 1865). Moniuszko nigbagbogbo yipada si opera apanilerin (Yavnuta, The Timber Rafter), ballet (pẹlu Monte Cristo), operetta, orin fun awọn iṣelọpọ iṣere (W. Shakespeare's Hamlet, Awọn Robbers) F. Schiller, vaudeville nipasẹ A. Fredro). Nigbagbogbo ṣe ifamọra olupilẹṣẹ ati oriṣi ti cantata (“Milda”, “Niola”). Ni awọn ọdun nigbamii, 3 cantatas ni a ṣẹda si awọn ọrọ A. Mickiewicz: "Awọn iwin" (da lori ewi ti o ṣe pataki "Dzyady"), "Crimean Sonnets" ati "Mistress Twardovskaya". Moniuszko tun ṣe agbekalẹ ẹya orilẹ-ede kan sinu orin ile ijọsin (6 ọpọ eniyan, 4 “Ostrobramsky litanies”), fi ipilẹ lelẹ fun symphonism Polish (awọn eto eto “Fairy Tale”, “Kaini”, ati bẹbẹ lọ). Olupilẹṣẹ naa tun kọ orin duru, ti a pinnu ni pataki fun ṣiṣe orin ile: polonaises, mazurkas, waltzes, awọn iwe ajako 2 ti awọn ege “Trinkets”.

Ṣugbọn paapaa pataki, pẹlu iṣẹda operatic, jẹ akopọ ti awọn orin (c. 400), eyiti olupilẹṣẹ ṣe idapo sinu awọn akojọpọ - “Awọn iwe orin ile”. Orukọ wọn sọ fun ara rẹ: eyi ni orin ti igbesi aye ojoojumọ, ti a ṣẹda kii ṣe fun awọn akosemose nikan, ṣugbọn fun awọn ololufẹ orin. “Emi ko ṣẹda nkankan titun. Bí mo ṣe ń rìn kiri láwọn orílẹ̀-èdè Poland, inú mi kún fún ẹ̀mí àwọn orin ìbílẹ̀. Lati ọdọ wọn, lodi si ifẹ mi, awokose n ṣan sinu gbogbo awọn akopọ mi. Ninu awọn ọrọ wọnyi Moniuszko ṣafihan asiri ti “awujo” iyanu ti orin rẹ.

K. Zenkin

Awọn akojọpọ:

awọn opera – Bojumu ( bojumu, 1841), Carmagnola (Karmaniol, 1840), Yellow fila (Zulta szlafmyca, ca. 1842), Iyanu omi (Woda cudowna, 1840s), Rural idyll (Sielanka, 1843, Spanish 1852), Pebbles ., 1, Vilnius, 1848nd ed., 2, Warsaw), Betley (apanilẹrin., 1858), Timber Rafter (Flis, apanilerin opera, 1852), Countess (Hrabina, apanilẹrin., 1858), Ọrọ ti ola (Verbum nobile). , 1860), enchanted Castle (Ẹru Yard; Straszny dwur, 1861), Pariah (Paria, 1865); operetta – Lotiri (Loteria, 1843, Minsk; 1846, Warsaw), Rikurumenti (Pobur rekrutуw, 1842), Awọn akọrin’ Ijakadi (Walka muzykуw, 1840s), Yavnuta, tabi Gypsies (1st àtúnse labẹ awọn orukọ Gypsies – Cyga, post 1850). , Vilnius, 1852nd àtúnse labẹ awọn akọle Yavnuta, 2, Warsaw), Beata (melodrama, 1860, Warsaw); awọn baluwe – Monte Cristo (1866), Nduro (Na kwaterunku, 1868), Awọn ẹtan Satani (Figle szatana, 1870); Orin ballet fun awọn operas Awọn Iyawo Ayọ ti Windsor nipasẹ O. Nicholas ati The Bronze Horse nipasẹ D. Aubert; fun orchestra – Overtures Tale (Ìtàn Igba otutu; Bajka, Conte d'hiver, 1848), Kaini, tabi Ikú Abel (1856), Ologun Overture, tabi Olufẹ Hetman (Uwertura wojenna albo Kochanka hetmanska, 1857), Concert Polonaise (Polonez koncertowy) ; fun ohun ati onilu - cantatas Milda (1848), Niola (1852), Krumine (ko pari, 1852) - ni atẹle. Yu. Kraszewski, Madona (1856), Ẹmi (Widma, 1865), Crimean Sonnets (Sonety krymskie, 1868), Pani Tvardovskaya (1869), 6 ọpọ eniyan (pẹlu Petrovinskaya), 4 Ostrobramsky litanies (Litanie ostrobramskie -1843); iyẹwu irinse ensembles - 2 awọn okun. quartet (titi di 1840); fun piano (bi. fun ẹya ara – Awọn orin ti ijo wa (Piesni naszego kosciola), awọn akọrin, wok. awọn akojọpọ; fun ohùn ati duru - St. 400 orin; orin fun awọn ere itage eré – fun vaudeville: A. Fredro "Moju ni Apennines" (1839), "The New Don Quixote, tabi Ọgọrun Madnesses" (1842, post. 1923), to post. "Hamlet" ati "Olujaja ti Venice" nipasẹ Shakespeare, "Robbers" nipasẹ Schiller, "Carpathian Highlanders" nipasẹ Kozhenevsky, "Lilly Venedy" nipasẹ Y. Slovatsky.